# Manual de Xadrez

## Introducción

### Vista xeral do Xadrez

Chess is a two-player strategy board game. GNOME Chess is a 2D/3D chess game, where games can be played between a combination of human and computer players. GNOME Chess detects known third party chess engines for computer players. The game was originally developed by Robert Ancell, now the game is included in gnome-games.

GNOME Chess is written in Python and uses GTK+ and Cairo to render the chess board. 3D support is optionally available using OpenGl, using the Python OpenGL and GtkGLExt libraries. As with most modern 3D programs hardware acceleration is recommended but it should run OK in software. GNOME Chess is bundled with GNU Chess as the default chess AI. GNOME Chess can be played in network mode against other players on the Internet.

Chess is played on a square chessboard, consisting of 64 squares of alternating color. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. One player controls the white pieces and the other player controls the black pieces; the player that controls white is the first to move. The players take turns moving pieces; certain moves involve a "capturing" of an opponent's piece, removing it from the chessboard. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's king. This occurs when the king is under immediate attack (in check) and there is no way to remove it from attack on the next move. Theoreticians have developed extensive chess strategies and tactics since the game's inception.

The current form of the game emerged in South Europe in the second half of the 15th century after evolving from similar, much older games of Asian origin. Chess is one of the world's most popular board games. The tradition of competitive chess began in the 16th century. The first official World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886; his modern equivalent, Vladimir Kramnik, is the 14th Champion in the lineage. There are also biennial world team events called Chess Olympiads. Since the 20th century, two international organizations, the World Chess Federation and the International Correspondence Chess Federation have organized and overseen the top chess competitions and international titles.

One of the goals of early computer scientists was to create a chess-playing machine, and today's chess is deeply influenced by the overwhelming abilities of current chess programs. In 1997, a match between Garry Kasparov, then World Champion, and IBM's Deep Blue chess program proved that computers are able to beat even the strongest human players.

To run GNOME Chess, select Chess from the Games submenu of the Main Menu, or type `gnome-chess` on the command line.

## Playing GNOME Chess

### Xanela principal do juego

Starting GNOME Chess displays the main game window as shown below. The game is played by moving chess pieces using the mouse. Each player alternates to move a piece in the appropriate colour, from one board position to another valid board position. The main game window is organized in three main areas: In the top menu and toolbar area, most common game actions can be made. The chess board is in the middle of the window, where the game is played by moving chess pieces using the mouse. Finally, the game history panel is shown at the bottom, where information about the game history, the remaining move time and buttons for showing previous or next moves are available.

#### Main window in GNOME Chess

Main window in GNOME Chess.

### Iniciar unha partida nova

To start a new game, press the New Game button on the toolbar.

### Menús

The menu bar, located at the top of the Main Window, contains the following menus:

Xogo

- Este menú contén:

  - Ctrl+N New This starts a new game of Chess.

  - Ctrl+O Open Loads a previously saved game.

  - Ctrl+S Save Saves the current game of chess.

  - Save As Saves the current game of chess with a new filename.

  - Ctrl+L Network Game This starts a network multiplayer game using GGZ Gaming Zone.

  - Resign To concede loss of the game, so that the opponent wins the game.

  - Claim Draw If a claimed draw is accepted, the game ends without victory for either player.

  - Ctrl+Q Quit Ends the game.

Ver

- Este menú contén:

  - F11 Fullscreen Shows the game window in fullscreen mode.

  - 3D Chess View Enables 3D chess view mode using OpenGL. This requires Python OpenGL and Python GTKGLExt installed, in addition to a 3D graphics card setup properly. Please contact your system administrator if you have problems, either way you will always be able to play chess in 2D mode.

  - Show Logs Show logs for debugging GNOME Chess and the active chess AI engines.

Preferencias

- Este menú contén:

  - Preferences This opens your window to edit preferences.

Axuda

- Este menú contén:

  - F1 Contents Display this manual.

    About This opens the About dialog which shows basic information about GNOME Chess, such as the author's name, the version number of the game.

## Regras do xadrez

### As regras do xadrez

Chess is played on a square board of eight rows (called ranks and denoted with numbers 1 to 8) and eight columns (called files and denoted with letters a to h) of squares. The colors of the sixty-four squares alternate between light and dark, and are referred to as "light squares" and "dark squares". The chessboard is placed so that each player has a white square in the near right hand corner, and the pieces are set out as shown in the diagram, with each queen on a square that matches its color.

Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: each player's pieces comprise one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights and eight pawns. One player, referred to as White, controls the white pieces and the other player, Black, controls the black pieces; White is always the first player to move. The colors are chosen either by a friendly agreement, by a game of chance or by a tournament director. The players alternate moving one piece at a time (with the exception of castling, when two pieces are moved at the same time). Pieces are moved to either an unoccupied square, or one occupied by an opponent's piece, capturing it and removing it from play. With one exception (en passant), all pieces capture opponent's pieces by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies.

#### Rei

When a king is under direct attack by one (or possibly two) of the opponent's pieces, the player is said to be in check. When in check, only moves that remove the king from attack are permitted. The player must not make any move that would place his king in check. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent; this occurs when the opponent's king is in check, and there are no moves that remove the king from attack.

The king can move only one square horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. Once in the game, each king is allowed to make a special double move, to castle. Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook, then moving the rook onto the square over which the king crossed. Castling is only permissible if all of the following conditions hold:

- The player must never have moved both the king and the rook involved in castling.

- Non debe ter pezas entre o rey e a torre

- The king may not currently be in check, nor may the king pass through squares that are under attack by enemy pieces. As with any move, castling is illegal if it would place the king in check.

- The king and the rook must be on the same rank (to exclude castling with a promoted pawn).

#### Torre

The rook moves any number of vacant squares vertically or horizontally (it is also involved in the king's special move of castling).

#### Alfíl

The bishop moves any number of vacant squares in any direction diagonally. Note that a bishop never changes square color, therefore players speak about "light-squared" or "dark-squared" bishops.

#### Raíña

The queen can move any number of vacant squares diagonally, horizontally, or vertically.

#### Cabalo

The knight can jump over occupied squares and moves two spaces horizontally and one space vertically or vice versa, making an "L" shape. A knight in the middle of the board has eight squares to which it can move. Note that every time a knight moves, it changes square color.

#### Peóns

Pawns have the most complex rules of movement: A pawn can move forward one square, if that square is unoccupied. If it has not moved yet, the pawn has the option of moving two squares forward, if both squares in front of the pawn are unoccupied. A pawn cannot move backward. When such an initial two square advance is made that puts that pawn horizontally adjacent to an opponent's pawn, the opponent's pawn can capture that pawn "en passant" as if it moved forward only one square rather than two, but only on the immediately subsequent move. Pawns are the only pieces that capture differently than they move. They can capture an enemy piece on either of the two spaces adjacent to the space in front of them (i.e., the two squares diagonally in front of them), but cannot move to these spaces if they are vacant. If a pawn advances all the way to its eighth rank, it is then promoted (converted) to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color. In practice, the pawn is almost always promoted to a queen.

#### Resto de regras de movemento

With the exception of the knight, pieces cannot jump over each other. One's own pieces ("friendly pieces") cannot be passed if they are in the line of movement, and a friendly piece can never replace another friendly piece. Enemy pieces cannot be passed, but they can be "captured". When a piece is captured (or taken), the attacking piece replaces the enemy piece on its square (en passant being the only exception). The captured piece is thus removed from the game and may not be returned to play for the remainder of the game. The king cannot be captured, only put in check. If a player is unable to get the king out of check, checkmate results, with the loss of the game.

Chess games do not have to end in checkmate — either player may resign if the situation looks hopeless. Games also may end in a draw (tie). A draw can occur in several situations, including draw by agreement, stalemate, threefold repetition of a position, the fifty move rule, or a draw by impossibility of checkmate (usually because of insufficient material to checkmate).

### Partidas con control de tempo

Games can be played with a time-limit by setting a move time when creating a new game. In timed games each player has a certain amount of time available for deciding which moves to make, and the time remaining for each player decreases only when it is their turn to move.

### Táboas

A game that ends without victory for either player. Most drawn games are draws by agreement based upon the rules. The other ways that a game can end in a draw are stalemate, three-fold repetition, the fifty-move rule, and insufficient material. A position is said to be a draw (or a drawn position) if either player can, through correct play, eventually force the game into a position where the game must end in a draw, regardless of the moves made by the other player.

#### Afogado

A stalemate is a position in which the player whose turn it is to move has no legal move and his king is not in check. A stalemate results in an immediate draw.

#### Threefold repetition

The game is drawn if the same position occurs three times with the same player to move, and with each player having the same set of legal moves each time (the latter includes the right to take en passant and the right to castle).

#### A regra dos cincuenta movementos

The fifty move rule states that the game is drawn after fifty moves from each side without a pawn move or capture.

#### Pezas insuficientes

An endgame scenario in which all pawns have been captured, and one side has only its king remaining while the other is down to just a king or a king plus one knight or one bishop. The position is a draw because it is impossible for the dominant side to deliver checkmate regardless of play. Situations where checkmate is possible only if the inferior side blunders are covered by the fifty-move rule.

## Axustes do xogo

### Preferencias do xogo

The Game tab of the Preferences dialog allows you to set up the settings of your choice for new games. In the Opposing player section, it is possible to setup the number of human and AI (computer) players. If you have installed any supported chess engines as AI players, these will be displayed in the list of available players. The difficulty setting of the AI players is set in the Difficulty section. Finally, the time-limit for each player's move is set in the Game Duration section.

#### Game preferences dialog for GNOME Chess

Game preferences dialog for GNOME Chess.

### Appearance Preferences

The Appearance tab of the Preferences dialog allows you to modify board orientation, move format, and the general look and feel of GNOME Chess.

#### Appearance preferences dialog for GNOME Chess

Appearance preferences dialog for GNOME Chess.

## Motores de xadrez

GNOME Chess should be able to use any Chess Engine Communication Protocol or Universal Chess Interface compatible chess engines, including these chess engines:

- GNUChess

- Sjeng

- Amy

- Crafty

- Faile

- Phalanx

- Glaurung

- HoiChess

- Diablo

- BBChess

- Fruit

- Shredder

- Toga II

- Motor de Xadrez Boo

## Autores

GNOME Chess was written by Robert Ancell, and is now maintained in gnome-games. This documentation was originally written by Andreas Røsdal, with input from several GPL sources. To report a bug or make a suggestion regarding this application or this manual, follow the directions in this document.

## Licenza

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

A copy of the GNU General Public License is included as an appendix to the GNOME Users Guide. You may also obtain a copy of the GNU General Public License from the Free Software Foundation by visiting their Web site or by writing to

        Free Software Foundation, Inc.
        51 Franklin Street - Fifth Floor
        Boston, MA 02110-1335
        USA