// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

// Google Test - The Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework
//
// This file tests the universal value printer.

#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdint>
#include <deque>
#include <forward_list>
#include <limits>
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include "gtest/gtest-printers.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"

// Some user-defined types for testing the universal value printer.

// An anonymous enum type.
enum AnonymousEnum {
    kAE1 = -1,
    kAE2 = 1
};

// An enum without a user-defined printer.
enum EnumWithoutPrinter {
    kEWP1 = -2,
    kEWP2 = 42
};

// An enum with a << operator.
enum EnumWithStreaming {
    kEWS1 = 10
};

std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, EnumWithStreaming e)
{
    return os << (e == kEWS1 ? "kEWS1" : "invalid");
}

// An enum with a PrintTo() function.
enum EnumWithPrintTo {
    kEWPT1 = 1
};

void PrintTo(EnumWithPrintTo e, std::ostream *os)
{
    *os << (e == kEWPT1 ? "kEWPT1" : "invalid");
}

// A class implicitly convertible to BiggestInt.
class BiggestIntConvertible
{
public:
    operator ::testing::internal::BiggestInt() const { return 42; }
};

// A user-defined unprintable class template in the global namespace.
template<typename T>
class UnprintableTemplateInGlobal
{
public:
    UnprintableTemplateInGlobal()
        : value_()
    {
    }

private:
    T value_;
};

// A user-defined streamable type in the global namespace.
class StreamableInGlobal
{
public:
    virtual ~StreamableInGlobal() {}
};

inline void operator<<(::std::ostream &os, const StreamableInGlobal & /* x */)
{
    os << "StreamableInGlobal";
}

void operator<<(::std::ostream &os, const StreamableInGlobal * /* x */)
{
    os << "StreamableInGlobal*";
}

namespace foo {

// A user-defined unprintable type in a user namespace.
class UnprintableInFoo
{
public:
    UnprintableInFoo()
        : z_(0)
    {
        memcpy(xy_, "\xEF\x12\x0\x0\x34\xAB\x0\x0", 8);
    }
    double z() const { return z_; }

private:
    char xy_[8];
    double z_;
};

// A user-defined printable type in a user-chosen namespace.
struct PrintableViaPrintTo {
    PrintableViaPrintTo()
        : value()
    {
    }
    int value;
};

void PrintTo(const PrintableViaPrintTo &x, ::std::ostream *os)
{
    *os << "PrintableViaPrintTo: " << x.value;
}

// A type with a user-defined << for printing its pointer.
struct PointerPrintable {
};

::std::ostream &operator<<(::std::ostream &os,
                           const PointerPrintable * /* x */)
{
    return os << "PointerPrintable*";
}

// A user-defined printable class template in a user-chosen namespace.
template<typename T>
class PrintableViaPrintToTemplate
{
public:
    explicit PrintableViaPrintToTemplate(const T &a_value)
        : value_(a_value)
    {
    }

    const T &value() const { return value_; }

private:
    T value_;
};

template<typename T>
void PrintTo(const PrintableViaPrintToTemplate<T> &x, ::std::ostream *os)
{
    *os << "PrintableViaPrintToTemplate: " << x.value();
}

// A user-defined streamable class template in a user namespace.
template<typename T>
class StreamableTemplateInFoo
{
public:
    StreamableTemplateInFoo()
        : value_()
    {
    }

    const T &value() const { return value_; }

private:
    T value_;
};

template<typename T>
inline ::std::ostream &operator<<(::std::ostream &os,
                                  const StreamableTemplateInFoo<T> &x)
{
    return os << "StreamableTemplateInFoo: " << x.value();
}

// A user-defined streamable but recursivly-defined container type in
// a user namespace, it mimics therefore std::filesystem::path or
// boost::filesystem::path.
class PathLike
{
public:
    struct iterator {
        typedef PathLike value_type;

        iterator &operator++();
        PathLike &operator*();
    };

    using value_type = char;
    using const_iterator = iterator;

    PathLike() {}

    iterator begin() const { return iterator(); }
    iterator end() const { return iterator(); }

    friend ::std::ostream &operator<<(::std::ostream &os, const PathLike &)
    {
        return os << "Streamable-PathLike";
    }
};

} // namespace foo

namespace testing {
namespace gtest_printers_test {

using ::std::deque;
using ::std::list;
using ::std::make_pair;
using ::std::map;
using ::std::multimap;
using ::std::multiset;
using ::std::pair;
using ::std::set;
using ::std::vector;
using ::testing::PrintToString;
using ::testing::internal::FormatForComparisonFailureMessage;
using ::testing::internal::ImplicitCast_;
using ::testing::internal::NativeArray;
using ::testing::internal::RelationToSourceReference;
using ::testing::internal::Strings;
using ::testing::internal::UniversalPrint;
using ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter;
using ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrint;
using ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings;

// Prints a value to a string using the universal value printer.  This
// is a helper for testing UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() for various types.
template<typename T>
std::string Print(const T &value)
{
    ::std::stringstream ss;
    UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, &ss);
    return ss.str();
}

// Prints a value passed by reference to a string, using the universal
// value printer.  This is a helper for testing
// UniversalPrinter<T&>::Print() for various types.
template<typename T>
std::string PrintByRef(const T &value)
{
    ::std::stringstream ss;
    UniversalPrinter<T &>::Print(value, &ss);
    return ss.str();
}

// Tests printing various enum types.

TEST(PrintEnumTest, AnonymousEnum)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("-1", Print(kAE1));
    EXPECT_EQ("1", Print(kAE2));
}

TEST(PrintEnumTest, EnumWithoutPrinter)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("-2", Print(kEWP1));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", Print(kEWP2));
}

TEST(PrintEnumTest, EnumWithStreaming)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("kEWS1", Print(kEWS1));
    EXPECT_EQ("invalid", Print(static_cast<EnumWithStreaming>(0)));
}

TEST(PrintEnumTest, EnumWithPrintTo)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("kEWPT1", Print(kEWPT1));
    EXPECT_EQ("invalid", Print(static_cast<EnumWithPrintTo>(0)));
}

// Tests printing a class implicitly convertible to BiggestInt.

TEST(PrintClassTest, BiggestIntConvertible)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("42", Print(BiggestIntConvertible()));
}

// Tests printing various char types.

// char.
TEST(PrintCharTest, PlainChar)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print('\0'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\'' (39, 0x27)", Print('\''));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\"' (34, 0x22)", Print('"'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'?' (63, 0x3F)", Print('?'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\\\' (92, 0x5C)", Print('\\'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\a' (7)", Print('\a'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\b' (8)", Print('\b'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\f' (12, 0xC)", Print('\f'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\n' (10, 0xA)", Print('\n'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\r' (13, 0xD)", Print('\r'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\t' (9)", Print('\t'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\v' (11, 0xB)", Print('\v'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\x7F' (127)", Print('\x7F'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\xFF' (255)", Print('\xFF'));
    EXPECT_EQ("' ' (32, 0x20)", Print(' '));
    EXPECT_EQ("'a' (97, 0x61)", Print('a'));
}

// signed char.
TEST(PrintCharTest, SignedChar)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print(static_cast<signed char>('\0')));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\xCE' (-50)",
              Print(static_cast<signed char>(-50)));
}

// unsigned char.
TEST(PrintCharTest, UnsignedChar)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print(static_cast<unsigned char>('\0')));
    EXPECT_EQ("'b' (98, 0x62)",
              Print(static_cast<unsigned char>('b')));
}

TEST(PrintCharTest, Char16)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("U+0041", Print(u'A'));
}

TEST(PrintCharTest, Char32)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("U+0041", Print(U'A'));
}

#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
TEST(PrintCharTest, Char8)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("U+0041", Print(u8'A'));
}
#endif

// Tests printing other simple, built-in types.

// bool.
TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Bool)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("false", Print(false));
    EXPECT_EQ("true", Print(true));
}

// wchar_t.
TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Wchar_t)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\0'", Print(L'\0'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\'' (39, 0x27)", Print(L'\''));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\"' (34, 0x22)", Print(L'"'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'?' (63, 0x3F)", Print(L'?'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\\\' (92, 0x5C)", Print(L'\\'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\a' (7)", Print(L'\a'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\b' (8)", Print(L'\b'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\f' (12, 0xC)", Print(L'\f'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\n' (10, 0xA)", Print(L'\n'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\r' (13, 0xD)", Print(L'\r'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\t' (9)", Print(L'\t'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\v' (11, 0xB)", Print(L'\v'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\x7F' (127)", Print(L'\x7F'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\xFF' (255)", Print(L'\xFF'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L' ' (32, 0x20)", Print(L' '));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'a' (97, 0x61)", Print(L'a'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\x576' (1398)", Print(static_cast<wchar_t>(0x576)));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\xC74D' (51021)", Print(static_cast<wchar_t>(0xC74D)));
}

// Test that int64_t provides more storage than wchar_t.
TEST(PrintTypeSizeTest, Wchar_t)
{
    EXPECT_LT(sizeof(wchar_t), sizeof(int64_t));
}

// Various integer types.
TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Integer)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\xFF' (255)", Print(static_cast<unsigned char>(255))); // uint8
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\x80' (-128)", Print(static_cast<signed char>(-128))); // int8
    EXPECT_EQ("65535", Print(std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max())); // uint16
    EXPECT_EQ("-32768", Print(std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::min())); // int16
    EXPECT_EQ("4294967295",
              Print(std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max())); // uint32
    EXPECT_EQ("-2147483648",
              Print(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min())); // int32
    EXPECT_EQ("18446744073709551615",
              Print(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())); // uint64
    EXPECT_EQ("-9223372036854775808",
              Print(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min())); // int64
#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
    EXPECT_EQ("U+0000",
              Print(std::numeric_limits<char8_t>::min())); // char8_t
    EXPECT_EQ("U+00FF",
              Print(std::numeric_limits<char8_t>::max())); // char8_t
#endif
    EXPECT_EQ("U+0000",
              Print(std::numeric_limits<char16_t>::min())); // char16_t
    EXPECT_EQ("U+FFFF",
              Print(std::numeric_limits<char16_t>::max())); // char16_t
    EXPECT_EQ("U+0000",
              Print(std::numeric_limits<char32_t>::min())); // char32_t
    EXPECT_EQ("U+FFFFFFFF",
              Print(std::numeric_limits<char32_t>::max())); // char32_t
}

// Size types.
TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Size_t)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("1", Print(sizeof('a'))); // size_t.
#if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
    // Windows has no ssize_t type.
    EXPECT_EQ("-2", Print(static_cast<ssize_t>(-2))); // ssize_t.
#endif // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
}

// Floating-points.
TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, FloatingPoints)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("1.5", Print(1.5f)); // float
    EXPECT_EQ("-2.5", Print(-2.5)); // double
}

// Since ::std::stringstream::operator<<(const void *) formats the pointer
// output differently with different compilers, we have to create the expected
// output first and use it as our expectation.
static std::string PrintPointer(const void *p)
{
    ::std::stringstream expected_result_stream;
    expected_result_stream << p;
    return expected_result_stream.str();
}

// Tests printing C strings.

// const char*.
TEST(PrintCStringTest, Const)
{
    const char *p = "World";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"World\"", Print(p));
}

// char*.
TEST(PrintCStringTest, NonConst)
{
    char p[] = "Hi";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"Hi\"",
              Print(static_cast<char *>(p)));
}

// NULL C string.
TEST(PrintCStringTest, Null)
{
    const char *p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// Tests that C strings are escaped properly.
TEST(PrintCStringTest, EscapesProperly)
{
    const char *p = "'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f"
                                "\\n\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\"",
              Print(p));
}

// MSVC compiler can be configured to define whar_t as a typedef
// of unsigned short. Defining an overload for const wchar_t* in that case
// would cause pointers to unsigned shorts be printed as wide strings,
// possibly accessing more memory than intended and causing invalid
// memory accesses. MSVC defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED symbol when
// wchar_t is implemented as a native type.
#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)

// const wchar_t*.
TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, Const)
{
    const wchar_t *p = L"World";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to L\"World\"", Print(p));
}

// wchar_t*.
TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, NonConst)
{
    wchar_t p[] = L"Hi";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to L\"Hi\"",
              Print(static_cast<wchar_t *>(p)));
}

// NULL wide C string.
TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, Null)
{
    const wchar_t *p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// Tests that wide C strings are escaped properly.
TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, EscapesProperly)
{
    const wchar_t s[] = {'\'', '"', '?', '\\', '\a', '\b', '\f', '\n', '\r',
                         '\t', '\v', 0xD3, 0x576, 0x8D3, 0xC74D, ' ', 'a', '\0'};
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s) + " pointing to L\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f"
                                "\\n\\r\\t\\v\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\"",
              Print(static_cast<const wchar_t *>(s)));
}
#endif // native wchar_t

// Tests printing pointers to other char types.

// signed char*.
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, SignedChar)
{
    signed char *p = reinterpret_cast<signed char *>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// const signed char*.
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstSignedChar)
{
    signed char *p = reinterpret_cast<signed char *>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// unsigned char*.
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, UnsignedChar)
{
    unsigned char *p = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// const unsigned char*.
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstUnsignedChar)
{
    const unsigned char *p = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
// char8_t*
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, Char8)
{
    char8_t *p = reinterpret_cast<char8_t *>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// const char8_t*
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstChar8)
{
    const char8_t *p = reinterpret_cast<const char8_t *>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}
#endif

// char16_t*
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, Char16)
{
    char16_t *p = reinterpret_cast<char16_t *>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// const char16_t*
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstChar16)
{
    const char16_t *p = reinterpret_cast<const char16_t *>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// char32_t*
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, Char32)
{
    char32_t *p = reinterpret_cast<char32_t *>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// const char32_t*
TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstChar32)
{
    const char32_t *p = reinterpret_cast<const char32_t *>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// Tests printing pointers to simple, built-in types.

// bool*.
TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, Bool)
{
    bool *p = reinterpret_cast<bool *>(0xABCD);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// void*.
TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, Void)
{
    void *p = reinterpret_cast<void *>(0xABCD);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// const void*.
TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, ConstVoid)
{
    const void *p = reinterpret_cast<const void *>(0xABCD);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// Tests printing pointers to pointers.
TEST(PrintPointerToPointerTest, IntPointerPointer)
{
    int **p = reinterpret_cast<int **>(0xABCD);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// Tests printing (non-member) function pointers.

void MyFunction(int /* n */)
{
}

TEST(PrintPointerTest, NonMemberFunctionPointer)
{
    // We cannot directly cast &MyFunction to const void* because the
    // standard disallows casting between pointers to functions and
    // pointers to objects, and some compilers (e.g. GCC 3.4) enforce
    // this limitation.
    EXPECT_EQ(
        PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void *>(
            reinterpret_cast<internal::BiggestInt>(&MyFunction))),
        Print(&MyFunction));
    int (*p)(bool) = NULL; // NOLINT
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
}

// An assertion predicate determining whether a one string is a prefix for
// another.
template<typename StringType>
AssertionResult HasPrefix(const StringType &str, const StringType &prefix)
{
    if (str.find(prefix, 0) == 0)
        return AssertionSuccess();

    const bool is_wide_string = sizeof(prefix[0]) > 1;
    const char *const begin_string_quote = is_wide_string ? "L\"" : "\"";
    return AssertionFailure()
           << begin_string_quote << prefix << "\" is not a prefix of "
           << begin_string_quote << str << "\"\n";
}

// Tests printing member variable pointers.  Although they are called
// pointers, they don't point to a location in the address space.
// Their representation is implementation-defined.  Thus they will be
// printed as raw bytes.

struct Foo {
public:
    virtual ~Foo() {}
    int MyMethod(char x) { return x + 1; }
    virtual char MyVirtualMethod(int /* n */) { return 'a'; }

    int value;
};

TEST(PrintPointerTest, MemberVariablePointer)
{
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::value),
                          Print(sizeof(&Foo::value)) + "-byte object "));
    int Foo::*p = NULL; // NOLINT
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(p),
                          Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
}

// Tests printing member function pointers.  Although they are called
// pointers, they don't point to a location in the address space.
// Their representation is implementation-defined.  Thus they will be
// printed as raw bytes.
TEST(PrintPointerTest, MemberFunctionPointer)
{
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::MyMethod),
                          Print(sizeof(&Foo::MyMethod)) + "-byte object "));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::MyVirtualMethod),
                  Print(sizeof((&Foo::MyVirtualMethod))) + "-byte object "));
    int (Foo::*p)(char) = NULL; // NOLINT
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(p),
                          Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
}

// Tests printing C arrays.

// The difference between this and Print() is that it ensures that the
// argument is a reference to an array.
template<typename T, size_t N>
std::string PrintArrayHelper(T (&a)[N])
{
    return Print(a);
}

// One-dimensional array.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, OneDimensionalArray)
{
    int a[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// Two-dimensional array.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, TwoDimensionalArray)
{
    int a[2][5] = {
        {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
        {6, 7, 8, 9, 0}};
    EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, { 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 } }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// Array of const elements.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, ConstArray)
{
    const bool a[1] = {false};
    EXPECT_EQ("{ false }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// char array without terminating NUL.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, CharArrayWithNoTerminatingNul)
{
    // Array a contains '\0' in the middle and doesn't end with '\0'.
    char a[] = {'H', '\0', 'i'};
    EXPECT_EQ("\"H\\0i\" (no terminating NUL)", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// const char array with terminating NUL.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, ConstCharArrayWithTerminatingNul)
{
    const char a[] = "\0Hi";
    EXPECT_EQ("\"\\0Hi\"", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// const wchar_t array without terminating NUL.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, WCharArrayWithNoTerminatingNul)
{
    // Array a contains '\0' in the middle and doesn't end with '\0'.
    const wchar_t a[] = {L'H', L'\0', L'i'};
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"H\\0i\" (no terminating NUL)", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// wchar_t array with terminating NUL.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, WConstCharArrayWithTerminatingNul)
{
    const wchar_t a[] = L"\0Hi";
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"\\0Hi\"", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
// char8_t array.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, Char8Array)
{
    const char8_t a[] = u8"Hello, world!";
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "{ U+0048, U+0065, U+006C, U+006C, U+006F, U+002C, U+0020, U+0077, "
        "U+006F, U+0072, U+006C, U+0064, U+0021, U+0000 }",
        PrintArrayHelper(a));
}
#endif

// char16_t array.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, Char16Array)
{
    const char16_t a[] = u"Hello, 世界";
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "{ U+0048, U+0065, U+006C, U+006C, U+006F, U+002C, U+0020, U+4E16, "
        "U+754C, U+0000 }",
        PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// char32_t array.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, Char32Array)
{
    const char32_t a[] = U"Hello, 世界";
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "{ U+0048, U+0065, U+006C, U+006C, U+006F, U+002C, U+0020, U+4E16, "
        "U+754C, U+0000 }",
        PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// Array of objects.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, ObjectArray)
{
    std::string a[3] = {"Hi", "Hello", "Ni hao"};
    EXPECT_EQ("{ \"Hi\", \"Hello\", \"Ni hao\" }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// Array with many elements.
TEST(PrintArrayTest, BigArray)
{
    int a[100] = {1, 2, 3};
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }",
              PrintArrayHelper(a));
}

// Tests printing ::string and ::std::string.

// ::std::string.
TEST(PrintStringTest, StringInStdNamespace)
{
    const char s[] = "'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";
    const ::std::string str(s, sizeof(s));
    EXPECT_EQ("\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\\0\"",
              Print(str));
}

TEST(PrintStringTest, StringAmbiguousHex)
{
    // "\x6BANANA" is ambiguous, it can be interpreted as starting with either of:
    // '\x6', '\x6B', or '\x6BA'.

    // a hex escaping sequence following by a decimal digit
    EXPECT_EQ("\"0\\x12\" \"3\"", Print(::std::string("0\x12"
                                                      "3")));
    // a hex escaping sequence following by a hex digit (lower-case)
    EXPECT_EQ("\"mm\\x6\" \"bananas\"", Print(::std::string("mm\x6"
                                                            "bananas")));
    // a hex escaping sequence following by a hex digit (upper-case)
    EXPECT_EQ("\"NOM\\x6\" \"BANANA\"", Print(::std::string("NOM\x6"
                                                            "BANANA")));
    // a hex escaping sequence following by a non-xdigit
    EXPECT_EQ("\"!\\x5-!\"", Print(::std::string("!\x5-!")));
}

// Tests printing ::std::wstring.
#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
// ::std::wstring.
TEST(PrintWideStringTest, StringInStdNamespace)
{
    const wchar_t s[] = L"'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D a";
    const ::std::wstring str(s, sizeof(s) / sizeof(wchar_t));
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v"
              "\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\\0\"",
              Print(str));
}

TEST(PrintWideStringTest, StringAmbiguousHex)
{
    // same for wide strings.
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"0\\x12\" L\"3\"", Print(::std::wstring(L"0\x12"
                                                         L"3")));
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"mm\\x6\" L\"bananas\"",
              Print(::std::wstring(L"mm\x6"
                                   L"bananas")));
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"NOM\\x6\" L\"BANANA\"",
              Print(::std::wstring(L"NOM\x6"
                                   L"BANANA")));
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"!\\x5-!\"", Print(::std::wstring(L"!\x5-!")));
}
#endif // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING

#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
TEST(PrintStringTest, U8String)
{
    std::u8string str = u8"Hello, world!";
    EXPECT_EQ(str, str); // Verify EXPECT_EQ compiles with this type.
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "{ U+0048, U+0065, U+006C, U+006C, U+006F, U+002C, U+0020, U+0077, "
        "U+006F, U+0072, U+006C, U+0064, U+0021 }",
        Print(str));
}
#endif

TEST(PrintStringTest, U16String)
{
    std::u16string str = u"Hello, 世界";
    EXPECT_EQ(str, str); // Verify EXPECT_EQ compiles with this type.
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "{ U+0048, U+0065, U+006C, U+006C, U+006F, U+002C, U+0020, U+4E16, "
        "U+754C }",
        Print(str));
}

TEST(PrintStringTest, U32String)
{
    std::u32string str = U"Hello, 世界";
    EXPECT_EQ(str, str); // Verify EXPECT_EQ compiles with this type.
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "{ U+0048, U+0065, U+006C, U+006C, U+006F, U+002C, U+0020, U+4E16, "
        "U+754C }",
        Print(str));
}

// Tests printing types that support generic streaming (i.e. streaming
// to std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits> for any valid Char and
// CharTraits types).

// Tests printing a non-template type that supports generic streaming.

class AllowsGenericStreaming
{
};

template<typename Char, typename CharTraits>
std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits> &operator<<(
    std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits> &os,
    const AllowsGenericStreaming & /* a */)
{
    return os << "AllowsGenericStreaming";
}

TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, NonTemplateType)
{
    AllowsGenericStreaming a;
    EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreaming", Print(a));
}

// Tests printing a template type that supports generic streaming.

template<typename T>
class AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate
{
};

template<typename Char, typename CharTraits, typename T>
std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits> &operator<<(
    std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits> &os,
    const AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate<T> & /* a */)
{
    return os << "AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate";
}

TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, TemplateType)
{
    AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate<int> a;
    EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate", Print(a));
}

// Tests printing a type that supports generic streaming and can be
// implicitly converted to another printable type.

template<typename T>
class AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate
{
public:
    operator bool() const { return false; }
};

template<typename Char, typename CharTraits, typename T>
std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits> &operator<<(
    std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits> &os,
    const AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate<T> & /* a */)
{
    return os << "AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate";
}

TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, TypeImplicitlyConvertible)
{
    AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate<int> a;
    EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate", Print(a));
}

#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_STRING_VIEW

// Tests printing internal::StringView.

TEST(PrintStringViewTest, SimpleStringView)
{
    const internal::StringView sp = "Hello";
    EXPECT_EQ("\"Hello\"", Print(sp));
}

TEST(PrintStringViewTest, UnprintableCharacters)
{
    const char str[] = "NUL (\0) and \r\t";
    const internal::StringView sp(str, sizeof(str) - 1);
    EXPECT_EQ("\"NUL (\\0) and \\r\\t\"", Print(sp));
}

#endif // GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_STRING_VIEW

// Tests printing STL containers.

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, EmptyDeque)
{
    deque<char> empty;
    EXPECT_EQ("{}", Print(empty));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, NonEmptyDeque)
{
    deque<int> non_empty;
    non_empty.push_back(1);
    non_empty.push_back(3);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 3 }", Print(non_empty));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, OneElementHashMap)
{
    ::std::unordered_map<int, char> map1;
    map1[1] = 'a';
    EXPECT_EQ("{ (1, 'a' (97, 0x61)) }", Print(map1));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashMultiMap)
{
    ::std::unordered_multimap<int, bool> map1;
    map1.insert(make_pair(5, true));
    map1.insert(make_pair(5, false));

    // Elements of hash_multimap can be printed in any order.
    const std::string result = Print(map1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(result == "{ (5, true), (5, false) }" || result == "{ (5, false), (5, true) }")
        << " where Print(map1) returns \"" << result << "\".";
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashSet)
{
    ::std::unordered_set<int> set1;
    set1.insert(1);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1 }", Print(set1));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashMultiSet)
{
    const int kSize = 5;
    int a[kSize] = {1, 1, 2, 5, 1};
    ::std::unordered_multiset<int> set1(a, a + kSize);

    // Elements of hash_multiset can be printed in any order.
    const std::string result = Print(set1);
    const std::string expected_pattern = "{ d, d, d, d, d }"; // d means a digit.

    // Verifies the result matches the expected pattern; also extracts
    // the numbers in the result.
    ASSERT_EQ(expected_pattern.length(), result.length());
    std::vector<int> numbers;
    for (size_t i = 0; i != result.length(); i++) {
        if (expected_pattern[i] == 'd') {
            ASSERT_NE(isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(result[i])), 0);
            numbers.push_back(result[i] - '0');
        } else {
            EXPECT_EQ(expected_pattern[i], result[i]) << " where result is "
                                                      << result;
        }
    }

    // Makes sure the result contains the right numbers.
    std::sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end());
    std::sort(a, a + kSize);
    EXPECT_TRUE(std::equal(a, a + kSize, numbers.begin()));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, List)
{
    const std::string a[] = {"hello", "world"};
    const list<std::string> strings(a, a + 2);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ \"hello\", \"world\" }", Print(strings));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Map)
{
    map<int, bool> map1;
    map1[1] = true;
    map1[5] = false;
    map1[3] = true;
    EXPECT_EQ("{ (1, true), (3, true), (5, false) }", Print(map1));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, MultiMap)
{
    multimap<bool, int> map1;
    // The make_pair template function would deduce the type as
    // pair<bool, int> here, and since the key part in a multimap has to
    // be constant, without a templated ctor in the pair class (as in
    // libCstd on Solaris), make_pair call would fail to compile as no
    // implicit conversion is found.  Thus explicit typename is used
    // here instead.
    map1.insert(pair<const bool, int>(true, 0));
    map1.insert(pair<const bool, int>(true, 1));
    map1.insert(pair<const bool, int>(false, 2));
    EXPECT_EQ("{ (false, 2), (true, 0), (true, 1) }", Print(map1));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Set)
{
    const unsigned int a[] = {3, 0, 5};
    set<unsigned int> set1(a, a + 3);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 0, 3, 5 }", Print(set1));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, MultiSet)
{
    const int a[] = {1, 1, 2, 5, 1};
    multiset<int> set1(a, a + 5);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 1, 1, 2, 5 }", Print(set1));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, SinglyLinkedList)
{
    int a[] = {9, 2, 8};
    const std::forward_list<int> ints(a, a + 3);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 9, 2, 8 }", Print(ints));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Pair)
{
    pair<const bool, int> p(true, 5);
    EXPECT_EQ("(true, 5)", Print(p));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Vector)
{
    vector<int> v;
    v.push_back(1);
    v.push_back(2);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2 }", Print(v));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, LongSequence)
{
    const int a[100] = {1, 2, 3};
    const vector<int> v(a, a + 100);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, "
              "0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ... }",
              Print(v));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, NestedContainer)
{
    const int a1[] = {1, 2};
    const int a2[] = {3, 4, 5};
    const list<int> l1(a1, a1 + 2);
    const list<int> l2(a2, a2 + 3);

    vector<list<int>> v;
    v.push_back(l1);
    v.push_back(l2);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } }", Print(v));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, OneDimensionalNativeArray)
{
    const int a[3] = {1, 2, 3};
    NativeArray<int> b(a, 3, RelationToSourceReference());
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3 }", Print(b));
}

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, TwoDimensionalNativeArray)
{
    const int a[2][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}};
    NativeArray<int[3]> b(a, 2, RelationToSourceReference());
    EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } }", Print(b));
}

// Tests that a class named iterator isn't treated as a container.

struct iterator {
    char x;
};

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Iterator)
{
    iterator it = {};
    EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>", Print(it));
}

// Tests that a class named const_iterator isn't treated as a container.

struct const_iterator {
    char x;
};

TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, ConstIterator)
{
    const_iterator it = {};
    EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>", Print(it));
}

// Tests printing ::std::tuples.

// Tuples of various arities.
TEST(PrintStdTupleTest, VariousSizes)
{
    ::std::tuple<> t0;
    EXPECT_EQ("()", Print(t0));

    ::std::tuple<int> t1(5);
    EXPECT_EQ("(5)", Print(t1));

    ::std::tuple<char, bool> t2('a', true);
    EXPECT_EQ("('a' (97, 0x61), true)", Print(t2));

    ::std::tuple<bool, int, int> t3(false, 2, 3);
    EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3)", Print(t3));

    ::std::tuple<bool, int, int, int> t4(false, 2, 3, 4);
    EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4)", Print(t4));

    const char *const str = "8";
    ::std::tuple<bool, char, short, int32_t, int64_t, float, double, // NOLINT
                 const char *, void *, std::string>
        t10(false, 'a', static_cast<short>(3), 4, 5, 1.5F, -2.5, str, // NOLINT
            nullptr, "10");
    EXPECT_EQ("(false, 'a' (97, 0x61), 3, 4, 5, 1.5, -2.5, " + PrintPointer(str) + " pointing to \"8\", NULL, \"10\")",
              Print(t10));
}

// Nested tuples.
TEST(PrintStdTupleTest, NestedTuple)
{
    ::std::tuple<::std::tuple<int, bool>, char> nested(
        ::std::make_tuple(5, true), 'a');
    EXPECT_EQ("((5, true), 'a' (97, 0x61))", Print(nested));
}

TEST(PrintNullptrT, Basic)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("(nullptr)", Print(nullptr));
}

TEST(PrintReferenceWrapper, Printable)
{
    int x = 5;
    EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&x) + " 5", Print(std::ref(x)));
    EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&x) + " 5", Print(std::cref(x)));
}

TEST(PrintReferenceWrapper, Unprintable)
{
    ::foo::UnprintableInFoo up;
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "@" + PrintPointer(&up) + " 16-byte object <EF-12 00-00 34-AB 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00>",
        Print(std::ref(up)));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "@" + PrintPointer(&up) + " 16-byte object <EF-12 00-00 34-AB 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00>",
        Print(std::cref(up)));
}

// Tests printing user-defined unprintable types.

// Unprintable types in the global namespace.
TEST(PrintUnprintableTypeTest, InGlobalNamespace)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>",
              Print(UnprintableTemplateInGlobal<char>()));
}

// Unprintable types in a user namespace.
TEST(PrintUnprintableTypeTest, InUserNamespace)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("16-byte object <EF-12 00-00 34-AB 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00>",
              Print(::foo::UnprintableInFoo()));
}

// Unprintable types are that too big to be printed completely.

struct Big {
    Big() { memset(array, 0, sizeof(array)); }
    char array[257];
};

TEST(PrintUnpritableTypeTest, BigObject)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("257-byte object <00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
              "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
              "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
              "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 ... 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
              "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
              "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
              "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00>",
              Print(Big()));
}

// Tests printing user-defined streamable types.

// Streamable types in the global namespace.
TEST(PrintStreamableTypeTest, InGlobalNamespace)
{
    StreamableInGlobal x;
    EXPECT_EQ("StreamableInGlobal", Print(x));
    EXPECT_EQ("StreamableInGlobal*", Print(&x));
}

// Printable template types in a user namespace.
TEST(PrintStreamableTypeTest, TemplateTypeInUserNamespace)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("StreamableTemplateInFoo: 0",
              Print(::foo::StreamableTemplateInFoo<int>()));
}

// Tests printing a user-defined recursive container type that has a <<
// operator.
TEST(PrintStreamableTypeTest, PathLikeInUserNamespace)
{
    ::foo::PathLike x;
    EXPECT_EQ("Streamable-PathLike", Print(x));
    const ::foo::PathLike cx;
    EXPECT_EQ("Streamable-PathLike", Print(cx));
}

// Tests printing user-defined types that have a PrintTo() function.
TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, InUserNamespace)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("PrintableViaPrintTo: 0",
              Print(::foo::PrintableViaPrintTo()));
}

// Tests printing a pointer to a user-defined type that has a <<
// operator for its pointer.
TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, PointerInUserNamespace)
{
    ::foo::PointerPrintable x;
    EXPECT_EQ("PointerPrintable*", Print(&x));
}

// Tests printing user-defined class template that have a PrintTo() function.
TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, TemplateInUserNamespace)
{
    EXPECT_EQ("PrintableViaPrintToTemplate: 5",
              Print(::foo::PrintableViaPrintToTemplate<int>(5)));
}

// Tests that the universal printer prints both the address and the
// value of a reference.
TEST(PrintReferenceTest, PrintsAddressAndValue)
{
    int n = 5;
    EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&n) + " 5", PrintByRef(n));

    int a[2][3] = {
        {0, 1, 2},
        {3, 4, 5}};
    EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(a) + " { { 0, 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } }",
              PrintByRef(a));

    const ::foo::UnprintableInFoo x;
    EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&x) + " 16-byte object "
                                       "<EF-12 00-00 34-AB 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00>",
              PrintByRef(x));
}

// Tests that the universal printer prints a function pointer passed by
// reference.
TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesFunctionPointer)
{
    void (*fp)(int n) = &MyFunction;
    const std::string fp_pointer_string =
        PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void *>(&fp));
    // We cannot directly cast &MyFunction to const void* because the
    // standard disallows casting between pointers to functions and
    // pointers to objects, and some compilers (e.g. GCC 3.4) enforce
    // this limitation.
    const std::string fp_string = PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void *>(
        reinterpret_cast<internal::BiggestInt>(fp)));
    EXPECT_EQ("@" + fp_pointer_string + " " + fp_string,
              PrintByRef(fp));
}

// Tests that the universal printer prints a member function pointer
// passed by reference.
TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesMemberFunctionPointer)
{
    int (Foo::*p)(char ch) = &Foo::MyMethod;
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(
        PrintByRef(p),
        "@" + PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void *>(&p)) + " " + Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));

    char (Foo::*p2)(int n) = &Foo::MyVirtualMethod;
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(
        PrintByRef(p2),
        "@" + PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void *>(&p2)) + " " + Print(sizeof(p2)) + "-byte object "));
}

// Tests that the universal printer prints a member variable pointer
// passed by reference.
TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesMemberVariablePointer)
{
    int Foo::*p = &Foo::value; // NOLINT
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(
        PrintByRef(p),
        "@" + PrintPointer(&p) + " " + Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
}

// Tests that FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(), which is used to print
// an operand in a comparison assertion (e.g. ASSERT_EQ) when the assertion
// fails, formats the operand in the desired way.

// scalar
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForScalar)
{
    EXPECT_STREQ("123",
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(123, 124).c_str());
}

// non-char pointer
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForNonCharPointer)
{
    int n = 0;
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(&n),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(&n, &n).c_str());
}

// non-char array
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, FormatsNonCharArrayAsPointer)
{
    // In expression 'array == x', 'array' is compared by pointer.
    // Therefore we want to print an array operand as a pointer.
    int n[] = {1, 2, 3};
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(n),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(n, n).c_str());
}

// Tests formatting a char pointer when it's compared with another pointer.
// In this case we want to print it as a raw pointer, as the comparison is by
// pointer.

// char pointer vs pointer
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharPointerVsPointer)
{
    // In expression 'p == x', where 'p' and 'x' are (const or not) char
    // pointers, the operands are compared by pointer.  Therefore we
    // want to print 'p' as a pointer instead of a C string (we don't
    // even know if it's supposed to point to a valid C string).

    // const char*
    const char *s = "hello";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, s).c_str());

    // char*
    char ch = 'a';
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(&ch),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(&ch, &ch).c_str());
}

// wchar_t pointer vs pointer
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharPointerVsPointer)
{
    // In expression 'p == x', where 'p' and 'x' are (const or not) char
    // pointers, the operands are compared by pointer.  Therefore we
    // want to print 'p' as a pointer instead of a wide C string (we don't
    // even know if it's supposed to point to a valid wide C string).

    // const wchar_t*
    const wchar_t *s = L"hello";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, s).c_str());

    // wchar_t*
    wchar_t ch = L'a';
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(&ch),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(&ch, &ch).c_str());
}

// Tests formatting a char pointer when it's compared to a string object.
// In this case we want to print the char pointer as a C string.

// char pointer vs std::string
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharPointerVsStdString)
{
    const char *s = "hello \"world";
    EXPECT_STREQ("\"hello \\\"world\"", // The string content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, ::std::string()).c_str());

    // char*
    char str[] = "hi\1";
    char *p = str;
    EXPECT_STREQ("\"hi\\x1\"", // The string content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(p, ::std::string()).c_str());
}

#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
// wchar_t pointer vs std::wstring
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharPointerVsStdWString)
{
    const wchar_t *s = L"hi \"world";
    EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi \\\"world\"", // The string content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, ::std::wstring()).c_str());

    // wchar_t*
    wchar_t str[] = L"hi\1";
    wchar_t *p = str;
    EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi\\x1\"", // The string content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(p, ::std::wstring()).c_str());
}
#endif

// Tests formatting a char array when it's compared with a pointer or array.
// In this case we want to print the array as a row pointer, as the comparison
// is by pointer.

// char array vs pointer
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsPointer)
{
    char str[] = "hi \"world\"";
    char *p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, p).c_str());
}

// char array vs char array
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsCharArray)
{
    const char str[] = "hi \"world\"";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, str).c_str());
}

// wchar_t array vs pointer
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsPointer)
{
    wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"world\"";
    wchar_t *p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, p).c_str());
}

// wchar_t array vs wchar_t array
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsWCharArray)
{
    const wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"world\"";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, str).c_str());
}

// Tests formatting a char array when it's compared with a string object.
// In this case we want to print the array as a C string.

// char array vs std::string
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsStdString)
{
    const char str[] = "hi \"world\"";
    EXPECT_STREQ("\"hi \\\"world\\\"\"", // The content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, ::std::string()).c_str());
}

#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
// wchar_t array vs std::wstring
TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsStdWString)
{
    const wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"w\0rld\"";
    EXPECT_STREQ(
        "L\"hi \\\"w\"", // The content should be escaped.
        // Embedded NUL terminates the string.
        FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, ::std::wstring()).c_str());
}
#endif

// Useful for testing PrintToString().  We cannot use EXPECT_EQ()
// there as its implementation uses PrintToString().  The caller must
// ensure that 'value' has no side effect.
#define EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(value, expected_string) \
    EXPECT_TRUE(PrintToString(value) == (expected_string)) \
        << " where " #value " prints as " << (PrintToString(value))

TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForScalar)
{
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(123, "123");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForPointerToConstChar)
{
    const char *p = "hello";
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\"");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForPointerToNonConstChar)
{
    char s[] = "hello";
    char *p = s;
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\"");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, EscapesForPointerToConstChar)
{
    const char *p = "hello\n";
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\\n\"");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, EscapesForPointerToNonConstChar)
{
    char s[] = "hello\1";
    char *p = s;
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\\x1\"");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForArray)
{
    int n[3] = {1, 2, 3};
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(n, "{ 1, 2, 3 }");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForCharArray)
{
    char s[] = "hello";
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(s, "\"hello\"");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForCharArrayWithEmbeddedNul)
{
    const char str_with_nul[] = "hello\0 world";
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(str_with_nul, "\"hello\\0 world\"");

    char mutable_str_with_nul[] = "hello\0 world";
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(mutable_str_with_nul, "\"hello\\0 world\"");
}

TEST(PrintToStringTest, ContainsNonLatin)
{
    // Sanity test with valid UTF-8. Prints both in hex and as text.
    std::string non_ascii_str = ::std::string("오전 4:30");
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(non_ascii_str,
                            "\"\\xEC\\x98\\xA4\\xEC\\xA0\\x84 4:30\"\n"
                            "    As Text: \"오전 4:30\"");
    non_ascii_str = ::std::string("From ä — ẑ");
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(non_ascii_str,
                            "\"From \\xC3\\xA4 \\xE2\\x80\\x94 \\xE1\\xBA\\x91\""
                            "\n    As Text: \"From ä — ẑ\"");
}

TEST(IsValidUTF8Test, IllFormedUTF8)
{
    // The following test strings are ill-formed UTF-8 and are printed
    // as hex only (or ASCII, in case of ASCII bytes) because IsValidUTF8() is
    // expected to fail, thus output does not contain "As Text:".

    static const char *const kTestdata[][2] = {
        // 2-byte lead byte followed by a single-byte character.
        {"\xC3\x74", "\"\\xC3t\""},
        // Valid 2-byte character followed by an orphan trail byte.
        {"\xC3\x84\xA4", "\"\\xC3\\x84\\xA4\""},
        // Lead byte without trail byte.
        {"abc\xC3", "\"abc\\xC3\""},
        // 3-byte lead byte, single-byte character, orphan trail byte.
        {"x\xE2\x70\x94", "\"x\\xE2p\\x94\""},
        // Truncated 3-byte character.
        {"\xE2\x80", "\"\\xE2\\x80\""},
        // Truncated 3-byte character followed by valid 2-byte char.
        {"\xE2\x80\xC3\x84", "\"\\xE2\\x80\\xC3\\x84\""},
        // Truncated 3-byte character followed by a single-byte character.
        {"\xE2\x80\x7A", "\"\\xE2\\x80z\""},
        // 3-byte lead byte followed by valid 3-byte character.
        {"\xE2\xE2\x80\x94", "\"\\xE2\\xE2\\x80\\x94\""},
        // 4-byte lead byte followed by valid 3-byte character.
        {"\xF0\xE2\x80\x94", "\"\\xF0\\xE2\\x80\\x94\""},
        // Truncated 4-byte character.
        {"\xF0\xE2\x80", "\"\\xF0\\xE2\\x80\""},
        // Invalid UTF-8 byte sequences embedded in other chars.
        {"abc\xE2\x80\x94\xC3\x74xyc", "\"abc\\xE2\\x80\\x94\\xC3txyc\""},
        {"abc\xC3\x84\xE2\x80\xC3\x84xyz",
         "\"abc\\xC3\\x84\\xE2\\x80\\xC3\\x84xyz\""},
        // Non-shortest UTF-8 byte sequences are also ill-formed.
        // The classics: xC0, xC1 lead byte.
        {"\xC0\x80", "\"\\xC0\\x80\""},
        {"\xC1\x81", "\"\\xC1\\x81\""},
        // Non-shortest sequences.
        {"\xE0\x80\x80", "\"\\xE0\\x80\\x80\""},
        {"\xf0\x80\x80\x80", "\"\\xF0\\x80\\x80\\x80\""},
        // Last valid code point before surrogate range, should be printed as text,
        // too.
        {"\xED\x9F\xBF", "\"\\xED\\x9F\\xBF\"\n    As Text: \"퟿\""},
        // Start of surrogate lead. Surrogates are not printed as text.
        {"\xED\xA0\x80", "\"\\xED\\xA0\\x80\""},
        // Last non-private surrogate lead.
        {"\xED\xAD\xBF", "\"\\xED\\xAD\\xBF\""},
        // First private-use surrogate lead.
        {"\xED\xAE\x80", "\"\\xED\\xAE\\x80\""},
        // Last private-use surrogate lead.
        {"\xED\xAF\xBF", "\"\\xED\\xAF\\xBF\""},
        // Mid-point of surrogate trail.
        {"\xED\xB3\xBF", "\"\\xED\\xB3\\xBF\""},
        // First valid code point after surrogate range, should be printed as text,
        // too.
        {"\xEE\x80\x80", "\"\\xEE\\x80\\x80\"\n    As Text: \"\""}};

    for (int i = 0; i < int(sizeof(kTestdata) / sizeof(kTestdata[0])); ++i) {
        EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(kTestdata[i][0], kTestdata[i][1]);
    }
}

#undef EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForNonReference)
{
    ::std::stringstream ss;
    UniversalTersePrint(123, &ss);
    EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
}

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForReference)
{
    const int &n = 123;
    ::std::stringstream ss;
    UniversalTersePrint(n, &ss);
    EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
}

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForCString)
{
    const char *s1 = "abc";
    ::std::stringstream ss1;
    UniversalTersePrint(s1, &ss1);
    EXPECT_EQ("\"abc\"", ss1.str());

    char *s2 = const_cast<char *>(s1);
    ::std::stringstream ss2;
    UniversalTersePrint(s2, &ss2);
    EXPECT_EQ("\"abc\"", ss2.str());

    const char *s3 = nullptr;
    ::std::stringstream ss3;
    UniversalTersePrint(s3, &ss3);
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", ss3.str());
}

TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForNonReference)
{
    ::std::stringstream ss;
    UniversalPrint(123, &ss);
    EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
}

TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForReference)
{
    const int &n = 123;
    ::std::stringstream ss;
    UniversalPrint(n, &ss);
    EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
}

TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForCString)
{
    const char *s1 = "abc";
    ::std::stringstream ss1;
    UniversalPrint(s1, &ss1);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s1) + " pointing to \"abc\"", std::string(ss1.str()));

    char *s2 = const_cast<char *>(s1);
    ::std::stringstream ss2;
    UniversalPrint(s2, &ss2);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s2) + " pointing to \"abc\"", std::string(ss2.str()));

    const char *s3 = nullptr;
    ::std::stringstream ss3;
    UniversalPrint(s3, &ss3);
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", ss3.str());
}

TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForCharArray)
{
    const char str[] = "\"Line\0 1\"\nLine 2";
    ::std::stringstream ss1;
    UniversalPrint(str, &ss1);
    EXPECT_EQ("\"\\\"Line\\0 1\\\"\\nLine 2\"", ss1.str());

    const char mutable_str[] = "\"Line\0 1\"\nLine 2";
    ::std::stringstream ss2;
    UniversalPrint(mutable_str, &ss2);
    EXPECT_EQ("\"\\\"Line\\0 1\\\"\\nLine 2\"", ss2.str());
}

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTestWithStd, PrintsEmptyTuple)
{
    Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(::std::make_tuple());
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, result.size());
}

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTestWithStd, PrintsOneTuple)
{
    Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(
        ::std::make_tuple(1));
    ASSERT_EQ(1u, result.size());
    EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);
}

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTestWithStd, PrintsTwoTuple)
{
    Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(
        ::std::make_tuple(1, 'a'));
    ASSERT_EQ(2u, result.size());
    EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ("'a' (97, 0x61)", result[1]);
}

TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTestWithStd, PrintsTersely)
{
    const int n = 1;
    Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(
        ::std::tuple<const int &, const char *>(n, "a"));
    ASSERT_EQ(2u, result.size());
    EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ("\"a\"", result[1]);
}

#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_ANY
class PrintAnyTest : public ::testing::Test
{
protected:
    template<typename T>
    static std::string ExpectedTypeName()
    {
#if GTEST_HAS_RTTI
        return internal::GetTypeName<T>();
#else
        return "<unknown_type>";
#endif // GTEST_HAS_RTTI
    }
};

TEST_F(PrintAnyTest, Empty)
{
    internal::Any any;
    EXPECT_EQ("no value", PrintToString(any));
}

TEST_F(PrintAnyTest, NonEmpty)
{
    internal::Any any;
    constexpr int val1 = 10;
    const std::string val2 = "content";

    any = val1;
    EXPECT_EQ("value of type " + ExpectedTypeName<int>(), PrintToString(any));

    any = val2;
    EXPECT_EQ("value of type " + ExpectedTypeName<std::string>(),
              PrintToString(any));
}
#endif // GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_ANY

#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_OPTIONAL
TEST(PrintOptionalTest, Basic)
{
    internal::Optional<int> value;
    EXPECT_EQ("(nullopt)", PrintToString(value));
    value = {7};
    EXPECT_EQ("(7)", PrintToString(value));
    EXPECT_EQ("(1.1)", PrintToString(internal::Optional<double> {1.1}));
    EXPECT_EQ("(\"A\")", PrintToString(internal::Optional<std::string> {"A"}));
}
#endif // GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_OPTIONAL

#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_VARIANT
struct NonPrintable {
    unsigned char contents = 17;
};

TEST(PrintOneofTest, Basic)
{
    using Type = internal::Variant<int, StreamableInGlobal, NonPrintable>;
    EXPECT_EQ("('int(index = 0)' with value 7)", PrintToString(Type(7)));
    EXPECT_EQ("('StreamableInGlobal(index = 1)' with value StreamableInGlobal)",
              PrintToString(Type(StreamableInGlobal {})));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "('testing::gtest_printers_test::NonPrintable(index = 2)' with value "
        "1-byte object <11>)",
        PrintToString(Type(NonPrintable {})));
}
#endif // GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_VARIANT
namespace {
class string_ref;

/**
 * This is a synthetic pointer to a fixed size string.
 */
class string_ptr
{
public:
    string_ptr(const char *data, size_t size)
        : data_(data)
        , size_(size)
    {
    }

    string_ptr &operator++() noexcept
    {
        data_ += size_;
        return *this;
    }

    string_ref operator*() const noexcept;

private:
    const char *data_;
    size_t size_;
};

/**
 * This is a synthetic reference of a fixed size string.
 */
class string_ref
{
public:
    string_ref(const char *data, size_t size)
        : data_(data)
        , size_(size)
    {
    }

    string_ptr operator&() const noexcept { return {data_, size_}; } // NOLINT

    bool operator==(const char *s) const noexcept
    {
        if (size_ > 0 && data_[size_ - 1] != 0) {
            return std::string(data_, size_) == std::string(s);
        } else {
            return std::string(data_) == std::string(s);
        }
    }

private:
    const char *data_;
    size_t size_;
};

string_ref string_ptr::operator*() const noexcept
{
    return {data_, size_};
}

TEST(string_ref, compare)
{
    const char *s = "alex\0davidjohn\0";
    string_ptr ptr(s, 5);
    EXPECT_EQ(*ptr, "alex");
    EXPECT_TRUE(*ptr == "alex");
    ++ptr;
    EXPECT_EQ(*ptr, "david");
    EXPECT_TRUE(*ptr == "david");
    ++ptr;
    EXPECT_EQ(*ptr, "john");
}

} // namespace

} // namespace gtest_printers_test
} // namespace testing
